UNIT-3 Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients.

 

UNIT-3

Functions and deficiency symptoms of nutrients.

Water    

The water content of the animal body varies with age. The newborn animal contains from 750 to 800 g/kg water but this falls to about 500 g/kg in the mature fat animal. It is vital to the life of the organism that the water content of the body be maintained: an animal will die more rapidly if deprived of water than if deprived of food. Water functions in the body as a solvent in which nutrients are transported about the body and in which waste products are excreted. Many of the chemical reactions brought about by enzymes take place in solution and involve hydrolysis. Because of the high specific heat of water, large changes in heat production can take place within the animal with very little alteration in body temperature. Water also has a high latent heat of evaporation, and its evaporation from the lungs and skin gives it a further role in the regulation of body temperature.

Function of water

·         Acts as a general lubricant and cleansing agent for different parts of animal’s body.

·         Maintain osmotic pressure

·         Medium for ingredient to function,

·         Solvent for absorption of nutrient and excretion of waste product.

·         Regulate body temperature.

·         Provide rigidity and elasticity to body cell.

·         Need for mastication and deglutition of food.

·         Help in chemical reaction brought out by enzymes which involve in hydrolysis.

·         Help in gaseous exchange during respiration.

·         Makes food palatable.

·         Maintain acid- base balance of animal body.

·         Medium for control physiological and biochemical reaction.

·         Provide fluid appearance of blood.

·         Essential for cell nutrient and transportation of nutrient inside the body cell

 

Deficiency symptoms

l  Reduced feed intake and productivity

l  Weight loss due to dehydration

l  Increased excretion of nitrogen and electrolytes such as sodium and potassium

 

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are the major sources of energy. It is the major component of nutrient. Sources of carbohydrate to animal body are Crude fiber and soluble carbohydrate (Nitrogen free extract).Carbohydrate are found in three form i.e. monosaccharide, disaccharides and polysaccharides. On the basis dry of matter plant contains 60-90%carbohydrate. It is generally made up of carbon , hydrogen and oxygen.

Classification of Carbohydrate

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Function

·         Maintains body temperature

·         Induced some sweetness to milk.

·         Important part of blood as blood sugar.

·         A ready source of energy than other organic constituents.

·         Excess of carbohydrate stored as fats , a reserved source of energy.

·         Stored as glycogen in the body tissue and liver.

·         Help in absorption of calcium and phosphorous in growing calves.

·         Help in growth and multiplication of micro-organism in the rumen.

·         Essential for fat oxidation.

·         Add flavor to the diet

·         Glucoronic acid detoxifies bacteria and other toxin.

·         Hyaluronic acid forms the matrix of connective tissue.

 

Deficiency symptoms

 

·         Hyperglycemia

·         Glycosuria

·         Galactosemia

·         Pentosuria

·         Diarrhoea and flatulence

·         Ketone

·         Under weight.

 

 Lipids     

Any compound that are dissolved in ether or other organic substance are called fat (Ether extract).Lipid are made up of carbon, hydrogen  and oxygen. Fat content in feeds varied like that of protein. More fat is found in oilseed like groundnut, mustard,  cotton seed etc.

Classification of Lipid:

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Function of fat

·         Source of energy, oil produce 2.25time heat per kg on oxidation as do carbohydrate.

·         Source of essential fatty acids linoleic acid, linolenic acid & arachidonic acid.

·         Work as the carrier of fat soluble vitamins(Vitamin A,D,E & K)

·         Component of structure of prostaglandins.

·         Provides shining looks of egg & help calcification, cell formation in avian species.

·         Provide glossiness of skin, hair, horn and nails.

 

Deficiency symptoms

Ruminant
– Generally not a fatty acid deficiency because of ruminant microbes

Monogastric
– Most common in poultry
– Reduced growth and reproductive performance
– Edema, subcu hemorrhages (bruising)
– Poor feathering in chickens
– Scaly skin in swine

 

Essential Fatty Acid

The body can synthesize most of the fats it needs from the diet. However, two essential fatty acids, linoleic and alpha-linolenic, cannot be synthesized in the body and must be obtained from food. These basic fats, found in plant foods, are used to build specialized fats called omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

Function

l   Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are important in the normal functioning of all tissues of the body.

l  Documented benefits include prevention of atherosclerosis,

l  reduced incidence of heart disease and stroke, and

l  relief from the symptoms associated with ulcerative colitis, menstrual pain, and joint pain.

l  2-4 Omega-3 fatty acid levels have also been associated with decreased breast cancer risk.

Deficiencies in these fatty acids lead to a host of symptoms and disorders including

l  abnormalities in the liver and the kidneys,

l  reduced growth rates,

l  decreased immune function,

l  depression, and

l  dryness of the skin.

 

Proteins     

The protein are outstanding importance in livestock feeding , because they are essential for life. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and oxygen,the protein and others nitrogenous compound in plant and animals contain nitrogen. Most protein contains sulphur and few contain phosphorous or iron.

Classification of protein

 

Function

·         Structural constituent of the animal body. E.g. collagen and elastins are present in ligament and artery wall, sarcoplasma is the protein of myofibrils etc.

·         Some proteins are hydrolytic, degradative, and synthetic in the form of enzymes.

·         Some protein are found in the form of hormones e.g. gonadotropic, parathyroid, calcitonin etc

·         In the form of antibiotic so protect animals from infection.

·          Essential amino acids are those which supply in diet e.g   Arginine, histidine, isolucine, lucine, methionine, phenyl alamine, tryptophan, valine, threonine etc.

Deficiency symptoms

·         Abdominal enlargement, excessive loss in urine and disease to lower urinary tracts-

·         Vomiting

·         Diarrhea

·         Nephrosis

·         Lassitude

·         Oedema

·         Kwashiorkor (Protein malnutrition)

·         Marasmic - Kwashiorkor

·         Negative nitrogen balance.

 

Essential Amino Acid

• Isoleucine
• Histidine
• Leucine
• Methionine
• Lysine
• Phenylalanine
• Tryptophan
• Threonine
• Valine

 

Non-Essential Amino Acids

• Alanine
• Arginine 
• Aspsragine
• Aspartic acid
• cystenine
• glutamic acid
• glutamine
• glycine
• proline
• slenocy  steine
• serine
• tyrosine

 

 

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