Animal Nutrition Unit:-2(Feed stuffs)

 

Unit 2.

Feed stuffs

                                                                                                        

Feed stuff: A single article of food which consume by animal. Which are often classified as forages and concentrates, but these divisions are not always clearly definable. Concentrates usually mean high quality, low fiber feeds and include the cereal grains, milling by-products, protein sources, and fats. Concentrates have a high digestible energy content per unit of weight or volume. The energy is derived mostly from starches, sugars, other readily available carbohydrates, and fats or oils. Forages are characterized by being more fibrous (greater than 20 percent ADF) or bulky and generally represent the vegetative portion of a plant.

Composition of feed stuffs     

Composition of selected feedstuff with reference to selected amino acids, carbohydrate, and fat as source of energy. In utilizing the nutrient present in the plant various physiological and biological processes are involved in the animal body to transform the nutrient present in the animal body called chemical composition of animal and plant.

Plant and animal contain similar types of chemical substance which have grouped together into different classes like water, protein, fat, carbohydrate and ash. The chemical composition of plant is affected by the soil composition, fertilization application, irrigation, seasonal variation, stage of growth, frequency of cutting, variety and strain whereas in the case of animals the composition is affected by the physiological stage and the species.

Plant/animals	Water	CP	Fat	Carbohydrate	Ash	Ca	P
Berseem	90	2	0.3	6.3	1.4	0.16	0.03
Lucern	802	4.5	1	12.5	2	0.40	0.06
Maize	75	2	0.6	21	1.4	0.07	0.04
Wheat straw	10	3.5	1.5	76.5	8.5	0.15	0.07
Paddy straw	10	3.5	1.5	70.5	14.5	0.19	0.07
Newborn calf	74	19	3		4
Dairy cow	57	17.2	20.6	0.2	5
Sheep	74	16	5		4.4
Pig	52	15.4	30		2.6
Hen	56	21	19		3.2
Man	59	18	18		4.3

Source: Ranjhan, Animal nutrition and feeding practices Pp 10.

Classification of feed stuffs     

                                                                          Feed

 

   The domestic animals in general are dependent on plants for the supply of their food material. They consume forage crops (dry and green), straw, concentrate and their bi-products for maintenance, growth and production.

    

 

 

 

Roughages and Concentrate

There are various feed stuffs available for livestock feeding. These feedstuffs can be grouped into different classes on the basis of bulkiness and chemical composition. The feed stuffs can be classified into two main heads:

 

a) Roughages

b) Concentrates

Roughages are bulky feeds containing relatively large amount of less digestible material that is, crude fiber more than 18% and low in TDN (total digestible nutrient) (about 60 per cent on air-dry basis).

Roughages are further categorized as follows:

-Dry roughages e.g.straw, hay

-Green roughages e.g. legume and non legumes

-Legume e.g. berseem, Lucerne, cow pea etc.

-Non-legume e.g. maize sorghum, bajra, oat etc.

-Fodder tree e.g. Legume & non-legume

Concentrates are feeds which contain relatively lesser amount crude fiber, that is less than 18% and have comparatively high digestibility with higher nutritive value having more than 60 per cent TDN.

Concentrated feed is expensive as compared to roughages. Therefore, production cost goes up if the ruminants are regularly fed with such ration. In case of non-ruminants and poultry, however, feeding with concentrate ration is a common practice because they can not digest and utilize the roughages in significant amounts.  There are various sources of concentrate feeds, such as:

Animal sources e.g. fish meal, meat meal blood meal etc.

Plants sources further grouped into

·         Carbonaceous e.g. crushed maize, sorghum, bajra, barley etc.

·         Proteinous e.g. ground nut cake, soybean cake, mustard cake, til cake, linseed cake etc.

·         Agro-industrial by-product e.g. wheat bran, rice bran, rice chunni etc.

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